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编写国际化软件的一些提示

tk posted @ Dec 28, 2013 12:10:13 AM in C with tags i18n gettext , 2951 阅读

笔记，摘自 Internationalization Tips，基于国际化工具 GNU gettext。

1. 不要分割整句

例如

String s = i18n("Press OK to delete ") + n + i18n(" files");

这样把一句话拆成几部分，在抽取字符串资源后，翻译人员在看到 " files" 这样的字符串时会莫名其妙，翻译到其他语言里很有可能意思不伦不类，表达不清。而且 像 " files" 这样短的词会整个程序中出现多次，并不能保证在每个语境下都是同一个 意思。

这种情况下应该使用占位符

printf(i18n("Press OK to delete %d files"), n);

这里还提到了一个C语言里的技巧：编译时于预处理器会将连续多行的字符串字面量 自动拼接，合并成一个，这样在写很长的字符串时，可以拆成多行来写。

2. 避免同时使用多个占位符

例如

printf("Press OK to %s %d file(s)", action, number);

像这样一条句子里使用了两个占位符，由于后面的参数位置写死在代码里，在翻译时，翻 译字符串中的占位符也必须依照参数的顺序，在某些语言习惯里，可能造成翻译困难或者 不够地道。比如

printf("You should say %s when %s comes.", hello, somebody);

当翻译成中文时

printf("当%s来的时候，你得说%s", somebody, hello);

后面的参数需要调整顺序。

由于C语言的 printf 族函数并不提供类似 C#、Python 那种 {0} 带序号的占位符用法，所以使用多个占位符不是明智之举。虽然标准库不支持，但是有一 些第三方库可以做到，例如 win32 下的 FormatMessage 和 java 的 MessageFormat ，还可以考虑 Qt。

其实个人觉得 Ruby 中的变量名占位符更好，翻译时候翻译人员可以根据有意义的变量名 来翻译，而不是数字。

当然，和作者再三强调的一样，最好的方法就是避免使用多个占位符。

3. 多复数处理

在某些语言中，单数和复数表达可能不一样。

例如

printf(i18n("You have won %d point(s)!"), n);

当 n == 1 时，输出 "1 points" 就欠妥当，最好修改成

if (n == 1)
    printf(i18n("You have won one point!"));
else
    printf(i18n("You have won %d points!"), n);

注意，这还没完，并不是所有语言就仅仅区分 n == 1 和 n != 1 这两种情况， 有些语言中，当 n == 101 时，也应当使用单数。

用硬编码来处理所有这些情行则会把代码弄得臃肿不堪，gettext 则提供了解决方法：ngettext。

4. 翻译歧义

在编码时要注意多义词的处理。比如英文单词 right ，表示方向时是 右 的意思， 在表示对错时是 对 的意思。这个时候就需要给字符串加上前缀来以示区别。

作者给了个菜单项的例子，使用 | 来作为前缀

Menu|File
Menu|Printer
Menu|File|Open
Menu|File|New
Menu|Printer|Select
Menu|Printer|Open

然后使用一个新函数来查找翻译字符串

char * sgettext (const char *msgid)
{
    char *msgval = gettext (msgid);
    if (msgval == msgid)
        msgval = strrchr (msgid, '|') + 1;
    return msgval;
}

这个方法有几个缺点

*   包含了 `|` 字符的字符串不能这样来处理
*   翻译人员必须清楚只有 `|` 字符之后的字符串才是翻译的内容
*   开发者也许只用 `sgettext` 函数，并没有注意到字符串是否包含有 `|`

从这点上看，个人认为 MSVS 那套字符串也是有优势的。

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Small_feed 评论 (30)
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依云 说:
Dec 28, 2013 12:41:21 PM

GNU C 的 printf 支持调整格式化占位符的顺序的

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依云 说:
Dec 28, 2013 12:41:55 PM

gettext 有处理复数问题的 ngettext 啊。

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